澶у?甯???????璁插?璇达??跺???灏?璇村苟娌℃??浠?涔?瀛﹂???澶у???娆㈢??涔?灏辫??讳?????瀵瑰???插???????瑰?磋叮??

涓?

浠?澶╂???崇????拌?涓?涓????锛?灏辨??腑??姘???濡?姝ら?挎???般??涓????板??灞?澹?ぇ锛??板???浣?????锛??????瑙?寰?锛?

杩???骞存??甯稿?ㄨ?卞?界??娲ュぇ瀛︼?瀵硅?卞?芥??瀛︺???卞?藉???插??涓??藉???插????磋叮??澶у??界?ラ??锛??卞?藉?浜???涓?绾?奖????澶х??涓?浣????插?瀹跺????堡??姣?锛?浠???浜?涓??ㄥ??垮??跨???????茬??绌躲????

浠??ㄨ??ㄤ功涓?????浜?寰?澶?涓???涓???????锛?璇存??涓???涓???寰?澶??????藉?ㄥ???茶?绋?涓?“????娑?浜′?锛??村?扮?板?ㄤ???姝ｅ?存?哄??杈剧??????????涓や釜锛?涓?涓???タ?圭??娆х?????锛?涓?涓?????圭??涓??芥????????涓??芥???????叉??涔?涓?杩?缁?????????????????????

浜?

?界?跺?や唬???????????叉?涓??芥?╋????????????存?涓??藉ぇ锛?濡?宸存?浼︾????????????????????甯???缃?椹???????锛?浣?杩?浜??????村?????板????????伙???????繁????????娓?琛伴????娑?浜′???

姹ゅ??姣?璇达?涓?绉??????讳????板??ョ??????锛?濡???璇ユ?????藉?濂藉?板?浠?杩?涓?????锛?灏辫?界户缁???灞?锛?濡???涓??藉?濂藉?板?浠?????锛?灏变?琛伴??锛????虫?浜°??

杩???涔???澶?绉????碉?涓?绉??????板己澶у????????伙??翠釜姘???琚???????灏斤?娑????锛?涓?绉?????????ㄩ?挎???靛??锛?娌℃???归?╋?娌℃??杩???锛???娲荤???ㄤ?浼?锛?缁???琛拌?戒?锛???????????繁???????????帮?杩???涓?绉?灏辨????瑁?锛??藉???????涓?浼???

??浠????芥?涓???涓??ワ?“涓???姘????颁????遍?╃???跺??”锛?杩??ヨ????ㄦ????????????锛?瀹?琛ㄧず浜?涓?绉?蹇ф?ｆ??璇????ｆ?跺?????介????澶?????浜虹??渚电?ワ?澶?澧?纭????甯稿?遍?┿??

灏辨?????ワ????藉???蹭?????澶???渚电?ョ???遍?╂?舵????涓?涓??

绗????タ?ㄦ??勾?版?ョ????芥?舵??涓?瑗垮???????板???杩??伙?

绗????Е姹??舵????濂寸??杩??伙??堕?撮?胯揪???惧勾涔?涔?锛?

绗????????堕???绛?浜??＄??杩?????堕?翠??????惧勾锛?

绗??????????舵??绐??ュ????????渚电????堕?寸害涓??惧勾锛?

绗?????浠ｃ??????瀹??舵??濂?涓广??濂崇????瑗垮???渚电????堕?村ぇ姒?涔???00骞达?

绗?????????????娓??舵?????ゃ??婊℃????渚电???

绗?????浠ｈタ?瑰??戒富涔????ユ????戒富涔???渚电?ャ??

涓?

绾佃?涓??藉???诧?澶ф???互???拌??蜂?涓??寰?锛???浠???姘????????涓?寮虹??锛????ユ?㈡?㈣????锛?缁?缁?????琛伴????姝ゆ?跺????虹?颁?浜??归?╋??ｄ?灏变?涓??淬??濡????归?╁け璐ヤ?锛???????繁????浜?锛??ｄ?澶?????浜哄氨浼??ヤ镜???ㄥ????ヤ镜???跺??锛???浠??????涓???规????拌薄锛?灏辨????????ヤ镜甯稿父????浠??????杞??恒??浠ヤ???璁茬????浠????涓?娆″ぇ???辨?猴????芥???娆″ぇ??杞??恒??

???蹭?甯稿父?????浜烘?ヤ?涔???锛???浠???澶?姘???灏辫?瀹???????????锛?涓??﹀??????????浜?锛???浠???澶?姘???灏卞．澶ц捣?ワ?缁?涓?璧锋?ャ??涔??????藉??????浜?锛?琛伴??浜?锛???????瑁?浜?锛?澶???浜哄???ヤ?锛???浠??????????锛???澹?ぇ锛?濡?姝ゅ惊???澶???

?朵??藉?姘??????板????ヤ镜锛?瑕?涔???璧??瑕?????涓?璧??杩?涓??藉???姘???灏变????般????浠?腑??姘??????板????ヤ镜?讹?甯稿父?芥??澶???????锛???涓????????典?寰?澶?锛?浣??村??捐?寰?????杩?????涓轰??归?㈡??浠???涓??￠?у??锛?涓??″?椤藉己???垫??????锛?涓??归?㈡??浠???寰?寮??撅??ㄦ????涓???瀹?浠??????ㄤ?璧凤?缁?杩?涓?娈垫?堕?达?澶у?????涓?涓????锛???浠???姘???浠?姝ゅ??澹?ぇ璧锋?ャ??

?朵腑绗??涓??????????戒?寮?濮?灏辨????涓?绀句?锛???浜у??姣?杈?楂????????杈???杩?锛???寮哄ぇ??缁?娴???????互??灞?????锛?绗??涓????????瑗垮?ㄥ?濮?锛???浠?凡??浜?涓?涓?弗瀵???瀹?娉?绀句??跺害锛???涓?璁插?颁腑?藉?寤虹ぞ浼?锛??昏?涓哄?寤虹??瀹?娉??跺害寰???缂?浜虹?????筹?寰???缂?浜虹??琛?涓猴??ｅ??舵???????

??

?跺?杩?绉?瀹?娉??跺害涔???瀹??????蹭??????浠?????变???浜?涓ュ???缁ф?垮?跺害锛?浠????垮??浜????ㄧ??浜???????浜???涓?浜?娓哥?ф??????ュ?寮虹??锛?浣?寰?寰??ㄥ?抽?????跺???瑰??瑁????朵翰姝诲??锛?浠???涓や釜?垮?????涓?涓??垮??㈢?朵翰浣?瀛?锛?缃?椹????杩?绉????点??涓????瀛?锛?灏辫????讹?灏辫???涔便?????ュ?寮虹?????ㄨ?姐???ㄦ??????姘???锛?涓???瑁?锛?灏辫???繁????繁??

??浠????浠?瑗垮?ㄥ?濮?锛??界?惰??繁???ㄦ??浜?涔?涓?????锛?浣??烘???杩????靛惊涓?琚??跺害锛??崇?朵翰姝讳?锛?瀚￠?垮?缁т?锛?杩?????朵腑??姘?????灞???涓?涓???瑕??跺害??涓?涓?ぞ浼????烘???寰??跺害?哄?浜?锛?绀句?灏变?寰?绋冲?锛????ㄦ??浜?灏变?澶уぇ??灏?锛?杩?涔??????寮虹??????瑕???????

杩???涓?涓???瑕?????锛?灏辨????浠??澶??????寮??剧????浠????蹭???锛?涓??藉??垮??跨???跺???????缁?娌荤??锛?濡???榄????跺?????涔???寰?澶х??灏??版?????????锛?涓昏??????浜恒??

??涓?涓????典??ュ??浣??冲?版病??锛?????灏?璇翠腑??杩?涓?涓?汉??ldquo;???姹?璐?rdquo;锛????姹?璐ュ?楠??诧?浠?涓???涓?浜烘???姣?姝︿?娌℃??杈?杩?锛???浠ヤ??逛釜?????璐ワ?甯???澶辫触涓?娆★?浣??存?绘病??璐ヨ???杩?涓?ldquo;???”灏辨?????浜恒??

????寮??界??甯???娓???姣?浜叉?????浜猴?灏卞??????“椴???”杩?涓や釜瀛?锛???浜?瀛﹁??璇?ldquo;瑗夸集?╀?”灏辨??ldquo;椴????╀?”锛?椴???浜哄??????ㄨタ浼??╀??ｄ?甯︺??浣?杩?涓????涓??寸????瑙???

???ㄧ???跺??锛???涓?ぇ灏????????淇★?浠???寰?澶?濂冲?匡??朵腑澶уコ?垮?缁?浜????ㄧ????甯?锛?绗???涓?コ?垮?缁?浜???楂?绁????朵翰锛?绗??涓?コ?垮?缁?浜?????甯?????浠ュ??楂?绁???????甯???〃??寮?锛???澶????涓?姘???搴???????甯?涓鸿〃????浠?浠??芥??椴?????琛?缁?????澶????涓?姘???濡?濡?濮?绐︺????澶????????濮??垮?锛??垮???绐﹂?芥?????浜虹??濮??????????ュ?ラ?垮???蹇???????寰???????瀹扮?革?浠?涔??????浜恒??

???????层??璁拌浇锛?????瀹扮?歌?冲???浜???涓?浜烘???′汉锛??朵腑涓昏??????浜恒???ｆ?跺??璇?ldquo;?′汉”灏卞????浠??板?ㄨ?“娲?浜?rdquo;涓??凤?娌℃??姝ц?????????

?ㄥ????锛???浜???涓?涓???戒汉褰?“?藉?￠?㈡?荤??”锛????????瀵瑰??戒汉涓??逛?涓?姝ц???

??璇存???锛?姹?姝﹀?涓???濂翠氦??锛???濂村??瑁?????浜????朵腑涓?涓???濂寸??瀛??????ヨ??锛??ㄦ?????瀹?锛?寰???姹?姝﹀????ㄣ??姹?姝﹀?姝诲??锛?浠???韬???澶т?浜ょ?浜?涓や釜浜猴?涓?涓???????锛?涓?涓?氨?????ヨ?????辨????锛???浠????澹?ぇ????瑕?????灏辨????甯稿??俱??

浜?

涓??戒汉涓?澶????挎??浠?锛?涓?澶??戒汉??浠??讹?杈???澶?锛?璧㈢??灏???浣?????浠???????锛?杩?娆℃??涓?璧㈡病?崇郴锛???浠??挎??璺?浣?骞诧????板???ワ?澶??戒汉浼???瑁?????

??濂翠汉寰???瀹筹???浠???浠?涓?杩???姹?楂?绁??惧?ㄥ北瑗垮ぇ????杩?琚???濂翠汉?村?帮?娌℃??辫韩??浠?????涓?渚跨???涓??″?璁★??诲????濂寸????璇达?姹?浜烘?浜???灏?濮?寰?澶?锛?浣?濡?????姹?????甯????ワ???姹?浜烘?????锛?淇???浜?澶ф?规?浜轰腑??婕?浜?コ浜猴?浣?杩?涓?????灏辫?绯?绯?浜?????濂寸????涓??杩?涓??璁★?褰卞????濂撮?棰?锛?渚块???典???

??濂村???ュ??涓哄????锛?????濂存????浜?姹???锛?????濂村????瑗胯蛋锛?涓??ㄥ???颁?娉??斤?涓??ㄥ???颁?瑗跨????锛?涓??ㄥ???颁??卞?斤?浠ヨ?崇??骸浜??翠釜瑗跨?椹???姐??

瑗挎?瑰???蹭腑????浜烘???﹀??濂翠汉锛??插???瑙?涓?涓??达??????????????濂寸??涓???琚?腑?芥?垫??浣?浜?锛?????浜?锛??﹀?涓????存???翠釜娆ф床????????????舵????绐??ヤ????姝わ?浠?浠???涓轰?绐??ュ??瑗跨??ャ??涓?绐??ュ??????????????浜?锛??㈡?㈠?拌???澶?姘???????????瑗跨??ュ????瑗胯?锛??ュ?颁????冲?躲?????ュ???冲?舵??涓?缃?椹???芥?????锛????翠釜??澹??︿??″??浜?涓??ワ??村?扮?板?ㄣ??

??浠ユ??浠??瑕?涓???璧峰???插氨璁や负??浠????涓?琛?锛??跺???浠??????姝ｄ?琛?锛??????????绾?互????涓????惧勾??浜?????

??杩????ㄧ??娲ュぇ瀛︾??涓?娆¤??椁?浼?涓????颁?浣?寰?????????绌朵?浜?缁?娴???瀛﹁??锛?浠?????璋??颁腑?界?娴?????灞??????惰?锛?涓??界??缁?娴????や互?ュ氨寰???杈撅?浜哄???跺?ヤ??存???ㄤ???绗??锛??????颁??????绾?互?????㈡?㈣??卞?借刀涓??汇?????芥??绘?跺?ュ?存???颁?1820骞存??缁??卞?借?杩???涓??藉?藉??灞?涓???棰??????颁?绔?淇???浜?浜?涓???骞翠?涔???

?ｄ?瀛﹁??瀵逛腑?界?娴???????甯镐?瑙?锛?浠?璇村ぇ姒???020骞存?讹?涓??界???芥?缁?娴??跺?ュ??浼????ㄤ???绗??锛?骞惰?介?挎??淇???涓??伙??????冲??ㄩ?ｄ???????浜???骞村??娌℃??浠讳??藉??藉?璧跺?涓????????涔???寰??村?锛???????︽???版???浠???涓句?寰?澶?缁?璁℃?板???浠????瀹讹?涓?浼????ｄ贡璇淬????瑙?寰?浠????????????????????

??/p>

瀹???涓???浠?腑?藉?や唬?ㄧ?瀛︽?????归????存?????杩???锛??板???灏ゅ?跺??杩?锛?澶уぇ瓒?杩?浜?娆ф床???ｆ?舵??浠???绉???????锛?娆ф床???杩?璧朵?涓?????濡???绾搞???板?枫????????缃???绛??ㄥ???宸茬???甯稿?存?哄??杈句???

?板?ㄥぇ瀹剁?ㄧ????绁ㄤ???腑?藉??????锛??ㄥ????朵唬灏卞凡缁?寮?濮?浣跨?ㄤ????ｆ?舵??浠????????跺害?稿???杩?锛?璐у???杩??ㄧ?稿???????

?ｄ?娆ф床浜轰?涔??跺????寮?濮?杞??哄???搴?璇ヨ????颁?涓??界??????锛?浠??ｆ?惰捣锛?涓??藉?濮??藉??浜???

??璁や负?朵腑????锛?涓?涓????挎不涓???涓??讹?瀵逛汉姘??????虫?у?跺?涓ワ?涓??逛?涓????卞??撅??ㄤ??ㄦ弧?ㄦ???╋????涔???锛???寰?浜轰滑涓???贡璇翠贡????ㄩ?ㄦ?????у?跺?ㄧ??甯?涓?浜烘??????

?︿?涓?????灏辨??????瀵逛?涓?浜??ユ????????ヤ镜锛?渚垮??冲ぉ寮?锛?瀹?琛???璋?娴风?锛?????捣???瑰???ㄩ?ㄧ?ф??锛?浠ヤ负濡?姝や??ュ氨?芥???涓???????ュ?锛?楗挎??????杩?????ユ????ㄤ?浜?瑙ｃ??杩?绉????㈢??绂?浠わ?褰??舵??案涔???甯??堕????涓?瑗挎?涔?????浜???浜???

????涓?瀹?琛????芥?跨?锛??翠釜?藉??渚垮?濮?琛伴????涓?姝ゅ???讹?瑗挎?圭?瀛﹀?村?濮???灞?锛?宸ヤ??╁?戒?寮?濮?浜???

??涓?涓???瓒ｇ???堕?村?煎?娉ㄦ??锛??ｅ氨???????绾?????涓?浜?涓?涓?骞达?寰峰?界??椹??·璺?痉???跺?﹀?????????濞?锛???瀵圭????у?讹?灏卞?ㄨ?涓??跺??锛????芥??????姝ｅ痉??甯?涓?姹?????姝ｅ痉??甯???釜寰???????寰???????????锛?浠?涓?姹???骞蹭?璁稿???娣????荤???惧???

澶у??ラ??锛??ㄩ??????????锛?涓??芥???瀵?搴剁??锛??颁?瀹?????????涔?杩???互锛??ｆ?跺??绉?瀛﹀??杈俱??浜ら???逛究??瀵瑰?寮??俱????娆ф床姝ｆ????????跺??锛?涓????界?辨??寤锋?у?讹?瀛︽?????充????便??浣?濡?璇村?扮???寸?澶??宠浆锛?浠?渚胯?浣??????涓????芥?????????

?颁??????绾??娆ф床???卞??句?锛?绉?瀛﹀????寮?濮?浜?锛?????腑?藉?????挎??灏???璧锋?ヤ???杩?????澶х?????叉??璁???

涓?

浠?澶╄?浜?杩?涔?澶?锛????????澶у???纭?袱涓??蹇碉??ｅ氨???归?╁??寮??俱????浠?腑??姘???涔???浠ヨ??峰．澶э?????灏辨???归?╁??寮??俱??

褰???浠????板?伴?剧???跺??锛????ㄨ?绉???杩?琛??归?╋??????????伴?撅??归?╂????浜?锛???浠???姘???灏变?涓??淬?????舵??浠??瑕?瀵瑰?寮??撅?杩??规?翠负??瑕?锛???涓烘??浠?腑?戒汉????俊蹇?锛???浠???俊??繁??姘???寰?寮哄ぇ锛?澶??ョ??姝﹀????澶??ョ????????浠??戒?瀹虫????

?︽??涓?涓???瑕?瑙?蹇碉?浠?澶╂病???堕?磋?璋?????璁や负杩??荤?????插??借???し??????浜??′贡???????や汉??婊℃床浜轰镜?ユ??涓???锛?澶уソ灞辨渤娌︿骸浜?寮???绛?绛?锛?杩?涓??蹇佃??逛??广??

???冲????绡????叉??绔?锛?璇村??版???涔???腑??姘?????涓???瀛?锛???榄?????????娓?????????版淳?ф?匡?璋?涓?涓?涓???浜′?寮???锛?????ldquo;杞????搴?”??婊℃床浜哄缓绔?娓????ф?匡????姣?????濂藉?澶???杩?浜?瑙?蹇垫???ㄥ?璇翠腑???ュ?寰?澶?锛?甯???灏??ュ????瀛︽???ф??瀛???

涓??㈡??璁插?扮???ｄ??卞?藉???插?瀹舵堡??姣??ㄤ????????????茬??绌躲??杩??ㄥぇ??浣????跺??锛?骞舵病????甯搁??瑙?涓??姐???颁?蹇??讳????跺??锛?浠?寰??轰?涓??璁猴?涓?????甯???瀵???浜?涓??芥??????瑗挎?规??????缁?????

浠?璁や负瑗挎?规??????浼??瑰?ㄤ?涓????板????????????杩芥?????澶??╁?锛???ldquo;??rdquo;????????涓??芥??????浼??瑰?ㄤ???骞筹?灏卞ソ???垮??锛?澶?浜?瀹??匡?骞崇ǔ??璋???锛???ldquo;??”????????

?板?ㄨ?澶?瑗挎?瑰????借?涓猴??扮??灏辫??峰ぇ浜?锛???姝㈠??拌拷姹????╁??锛???????界??锛?涔????????????浠??????芥?ュ??涓??界???插?锛?瑕?骞宠　??瑕???璋?锛?姘???涓?姘???涔??磋??镐???浣?锛??垮????浜???

?变?绉?瀛︾????灞?锛??告??ㄧ???虹?帮?浠?????涓???澶ф??灏?涓?????璁???涓?浜???????浜轰?璁告?ф??瑕????告??浜?锛?娈?涓??ラ??杩?绉???浜???缁?灞?灏???汉绫荤????褰?浜?灏姐??杩????芥?т??借?娌℃??锛??????ヨЕ?扮??瑗挎?瑰???????瀵规???告??浜??戒?澶???蹇?锛?浠?浠?????蹇??????涓????锛?绗???????惰?婧?涓????拌?娴?垂锛?绗???????姹℃??锛?绗????汉?ｇ???搞??杩?涓?涓????灏??崇郴?颁汉绫荤????????

??浠ワ??板?ㄨ?澶?瑗挎?逛汉??甯???瀵???浜?涓??斤?浠?浠????浜?瑙ｄ腑?斤?浜?瑙ｄ腑?界???插???浠?浠??涓轰腑?界??骞宠　????璋????㈢????插????炽??蹇????舵?????芥??В?虫?翠釜浜虹被??????抽????

??涔?涓?绾??????缁?娴?涓???ㄤ鸡?︼?浜???涓?绾???杞??颁?绾界害锛??颁?????涓???骞翠唬??????骞翠唬??杞??颁?涓?浜????浜???涓?涓?绾????瑕?杞??颁腑?姐???充?杩?涓?腑蹇???腑?界????浜?????娴凤??跺??ㄥ??浜????ㄤ?娴烽?戒??????锛???????ㄤ腑?藉氨寰?濂斤?